since cattle walking through their cornfield will test the patience of even the best of friends.) I’ve made just about every possible construction mistake when building electric fences.

Making sure that an electric fence which is keeping one’s cattle and sheep from wandering ... Electric fences do work best with a voltage on them, after all. At the other end of the LoRaWAN ...

The collars give out a short low level pulse, similar to an electric fence, with livestock quickly learning the extent of their new boundaries and to avoid approaching the "virtual fence line" again.