And in every one of the 100 trillion cells, the sequence of these four letters, or bases, is nearly identical. Although the DNA code from cell to cell is the same, there are many different types ...

Rather, DNA was first identified in the late 1860s ... Using cardboard cutouts representing the individual chemical components of the four bases and other nucleotide subunits, Watson and Crick ...

Combinations of these atoms form the sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA -- the sides of the ladder, in other words. Other combinations of the atoms form the four bases: thymine (T), adenine (A ...

Double-stranded DNA consists of two polynucleotides that are arranged such that the nitrogenous bases within one polynucleotide ... 3' to 5' direction (Figure 4). It's also critical to understand ...

University at Albany researchers at the RNA Institute are pioneering new methods for designing and assembling DNA ...