And in every one of the 100 trillion cells, the sequence of these four letters, or bases, is nearly identical. Although the DNA code from cell to cell is the same, there are many different types ...

Rather, DNA was first identified in the late 1860s ... Using cardboard cutouts representing the individual chemical components of the four bases and other nucleotide subunits, Watson and Crick ...

Combinations of these atoms form the sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA -- the sides of the ladder, in other words. Other combinations of the atoms form the four bases: thymine (T), adenine (A ...

Double-stranded DNA consists of two polynucleotides that are arranged such that the nitrogenous bases within one polynucleotide ... 3' to 5' direction (Figure 4). It's also critical to understand ...

achieving 2 trillion bases per slide. Nanopore DNA sequencing (right) sequences 10,000 to 4 million bases per pore with 40,000-250,000 pores per device, achieving up to 200 billion bases per device.